Routing algorithms and optimisation techniques are fundamental to the evolution of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) design. As chip complexity increases, the need to efficiently connect millions of ...

Bilevel optimisation is a hierarchical framework involving two interdependent decision-making problems, where the solution of the lower-level problem constrains and influences the upper-level ...

Optimization seeks to find the best. It could be to design a process that minimizes capital or maximizes material conversion, to choose operating conditions that maximize throughput or minimize waste, ...